Strategic Management

Welcome to MGT 4002BED Strategic Management. This is an 18-credit-unit, two-term, 4000-level course for undergraduate students offered by the Lee Shau Kee School of Business and Administration.

This course does not require previous knowledge of business and strategy. The course focuses on the core concepts, frameworks and tools used by corporations when analysing, interpreting and making strategic choices based on solid analyses and decision-making processes.

MGT 4002BED is delivered using a set of five study units (adopted from the UK Open University course B302), online multimedia components and live learning sessions.

Course aims

The aims of MGT 4002BED Strategic Management are to equip you with the knowledge and understanding of the importance of how strategic management theories and models can be applied in different contexts and how they inform decision making. You will develop a skill set founded on strategic management theory that will allow you to become an active actor in the strategy process that organisations deploy to ensure their long-term success.

Course learning outcomes

Upon the completion of MGT 4002BED Strategic Management, you should be able to:

• appraise theories, processes and the role of strategy in relation to an organisation's sustainable competitive advantage;
• assess external and internal business environments that contribute to achieving a sustainable competitive advantage;
• communicate, individually and as a group, complex information that relates to an organisation's strategy formulation and implementation;
• create strategic options for the future of an organisation that fit the external and internal environments; and
• apply strategic management theories and concepts to the contemporary business context.

The course is based around a set of five study units and multimedia components, supported by live online learning sessions and compulsory in-person day schools. The study materials for this course can all be found on the MGT 4002BED course page of the University's Online Learning Environment (OLE).

The study units

The study units set out your study pathway through the readings from the course learning resources. They provide you with learning materials, such as case studies, animations and activities, that are designed to facilitate your understanding about each topic. You will therefore need to keep referring to the units as you work through the course.

Unit 1 Introduction to strategic management

In Unit 1, you will be introduced to key concepts in strategy and strategic management. There is much debate on what strategy is and you will learn different definitions and develop a clear understanding of what comprises strategic choices for organisations. Unit 1 also explores the core concepts of vision, mission, values and goals.

Strategic management is strongly connected with performance: you will learn how to evaluate the performance of firms, both in financial and non-financial terms. On this note, Unit 1 includes a section on corporate social responsibility to enhance the appreciation of performance indicators beyond financial performance.

While engaging with these sections of the module, you will also develop your study and professional skills, starting with skill development sessions on professional writing and on how to build an argument.

Unit 2 External and internal analysis

In this unit, you will examine the implications of the external and internal environments for strategy. The external analysis considers how external forces and competition in industry influence organisations and their strategic choices. The internal analysis looks at how resources and capabilities shape the strategies of organisations.

The analytical frameworks from this unit will be complemented by an in-depth explanation of several core concepts and demonstrations of how you can apply them to real cases.

Unit 3 Business strategy: Cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies

In Unit 3, attention turns to examining business and competitive strategies and how they influence the way organisations conduct their business.

Key considerations in the unit will be developing your understanding of the types of competitive advantage, focusing on cost leadership and differentiation. Special attention will be devoted to explaining how companies adopt different business models and types, and how they can create value. You will be engaged in defining the value proposition of a new business as part of a role play in order to understand how several dimensions are interconnected.

Unit 4 Corporate strategy: Vertical integration, diversification, internationalisation

This unit concerns strategy at a corporate level and looks at where strategic decision making takes place. Some of the most important considerations here will touch on vertical integration, diversification and internationalisation (drivers, location, speed and outcomes). You will learn how organisations grow and expand by using different strategies, such as new greenfield operations, mergers and acquisitions, alliances and joint ventures.

You will also learn about emerging markets and how multinationals can operate in those increasingly important areas by leveraging their political capabilities.

Unit 5 Strategy in action: Organisational culture and its implications for strategy

In the final unit of the course, you will identify and assess the challenges in and barriers to implementing strategy and will learn how to put strategy into practice by aligning its formulation and implementation.

Core elements that influence implementation will be examined, including organisational structure, management systems, organisational culture and people management.

Learning support

In addition to live online lectures, live online surgeries and compulsory in-person day schools, a variety of learning support services are provided to assist you in your studies. These include the Online Learning Environment (OLE) and the My Milestone Tracker mobile app.

The Online Learning Environment (OLE)

The main place you will refer to for learning resources during the course is HKMU's Online Learning Environment (OLE). There, you will have access not only to the course materials in different formats (both PDF and ePub versions), but also to a rich array of multimedia materials such as videos and web-based activities. At the same time, you will be able to discuss topics with other students and your tutor interactively via the course discussion board.

Learning support sessions

You will be supported throughout the course by regular online meetings in the form of live online lectures, live online surgeries and compulsory in-person day schools. Details of the dates and times of these sessions can be found in the Presentation Schedule on the OLE. The following is a summary of the learning support sessions offered throughout the term of 32 weeks.

My Milestone Tracker mobile app

The My Milestone Tracker mobile app is specifically designed to help you check your study progress, such as your completion of assessment components, along the learning journey of the course.

Assessment

During the course, you will have your progress assessed both formally and informally.

Informal assessment includes various case studies, web activities, exercises and online discussions that you will undertake while working your way through the study units.

Formal assessment consists of the following elements to pace you to learn effectively throughout the course:

• Two individual assignments, worth 40% of the total marks for the course. You are expected to apply, organise and elaborate on what you have learnt to complete tasks on specific topics on competitive strategies, implementation of strategies and organisational cultures. The two assignments evaluate study materials covered in Units 1 to 5.
• Application-based assessments, worth 10% of the total marks for the course. You are expected to apply what you have learnt to complete in-class application-based activities during compulsory day schools. The application-based assessments evaluate study materials covered in Units 1 to 5.
• Lecture polls, worth 10% of the total marks for the course. You are expected to apply what you have learnt in the respective units to complete the lecture polls on the topics covered in the live online lectures. The lecture polls evaluate study materials covered in Units 1 to 5.
• One presentation, worth 10% of the total marks for the course. It evaluates study materials covered in Units 1 to 5.
• Examination: 30% (final examination)

To pass this course, you are required to obtain no less than 40% of the maximum mark (100%). You must obtain a pass in the exam and the presentation, participate in all compulsory in-person day schools and obtain 40% or above in the overall course score.

Assessment summary

Details of the summative assessment items are outlined in the following table.

How to submit assignments

You must use word processing software (such as Microsoft Word) to prepare the assignments, and submit them via the Online Learning Environment (OLE). All assignments must be uploaded to the OLE by the due date.

Failure to upload an assignment in the required format to the OLE may result in the score of the assignment being adjusted to zero.

Assignment submission extension policy

The assignment policy of the University as stated in the Student Handbook should be observed. You are required to submit assignments for this course in accordance with the dates communicated by your Course Coordinator. You may apply for a submission extension on the grounds of illness, accident, disability, bereavement or other compassionate circumstances.

Applications for extensions must be submitted online via the OLE. Please note the following:

• Supporting documents must be submitted to justify applications for extensions of over seven days.
• Applications for extensions should normally be lodged before or on the due date.
• Applications are considered by:
  • your tutor for extensions of up to seven days;
  • the Course Coordinator for extensions of 8 to 21 days; and
  • the Dean for extensions of over 21 days.

After an assignment is submitted via the OLE, it is your responsibility to check that the assignment has been successfully submitted. Extension applications due to any problem with uploading will not be accepted. The University cannot accept any responsibility for assignments that are not received by your tutor due to any problem with submission via the OLE. As a precaution, you are advised to keep a copy of each assignment you submit.

According to the University's policy, no extension of the due date will be allowed for the final assignment. This policy will be strictly enforced. Any late submission of the final assignment will result in the score of the assignment being adjusted to zero.

The following tables give a general overview of the course structure throughout the term of 32 weeks, including the number of weeks allocated to each unit, the assessment requirements and the learning support provided.

Term 1

* No marks will be given for application-based exercises.

Term 2

Case studies are a useful and increasingly popular form of learning and assessment in HKMU's School of Business and Administration. In this section we will look at why case studies are used and then suggest some learning strategies that you can use to approach case studies. We will also briefly discuss some problems that you may encounter as you learn from case studies.

What is a case study approach to learning?

One main purpose of a case study is to explore an issue or a number of issues in relation to an organisation. The intention is to get you to carefully diagnose an organisation; to focus on key problems, and to suggest how these might be resolved. Often the case is a real-life account of an organisation which you are required to analyse in order to focus on a problem. Usually, the information that is provided is incomplete and you are often expected to observe developments in the organisation over a period of time. The case study approach is an excellent opportunity to actively apply material that you have read and conceptual knowledge to the reality of an organisation.

At HKMU, case studies may be used as part of assignments, exams, study units, or day school exercises. You normally are given some information about a company (this could be both text and graphical information, such as figures and tables). You are then asked to think about some problems related to the company and to use concepts and apply theories that you have learnt in your course to propose possible solutions for the company.

Let's have a look at two kinds of case study questions that you might be asked to work through in your courses. The first example is quite structured, while the second is much more open-ended.

Two examples of case study questions

1. Read the case study entitled 'ABC Consultants' and consider the following issues:
   • Using your understanding of the resource-based model, what measures could be taken to improve ABC's returns?
   • Drawing on your broad understanding of the consultancy industry, assess ABC's relative competitiveness and its profit potential.
   • To what extent do internal factors account for ABC's financial weaknesses?
   • Based on your assessment of ABC's financial weaknesses, formulate a new strategic intent and develop a mission statement for ABC.
2. Read the case study entitled 'XYZ Industries'.
   • Identify the key problems that are currently faced by XYZ's management.
   • Propose viable solutions to these problems.

Why case studies?

As you can see from the above examples, a case study approach to learning requires a great deal of thinking and often will not easily yield a quick 'wrong' or 'right' answer. However, case studies are also good preparation for dealing with real-life business problems. Cases may be short and relatively simple, or longer and complex. The purpose is the same for both types: to give you an opportunity to develop your skills in analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation under examination, to consider the processes at work within the organisation, and to make decisions about future actions.

Case studies are not meant to replace textbooks, but rather to ask you to draw connections between theories and practice and to apply abstract ideas, concepts, and principles to specific concrete situations. Consequently, case analysis develops a number of skills that are crucial in business. In particular, they help you to:

• analyse complex, unstructured, sometimes ambiguous situations;
• identify critical issues and problems;
• question your own and others' assumptions;
• improve your problem-solving skills;
• develop your ability to find alternatives and make informed decisions;
• make decisions with incomplete information and think strategically;
• self-educate yourself and draw on a broad range of resources and knowledge; and
• present and justify recommendations in writing.

You may find that there are many possible 'right' answers to the questions in a case study. This illustrates that there is often no single best way to responsibly manage and solve real-life business problems.

Some guidelines for analysing case studies

The following strategies should help you to successfully analyse case studies:

1 Read the case and become familiar with the facts

First, skim read the case to obtain a general understanding of the main point(s). Highlight or underline the pertinent points as you read.

Read the case again, and this time note down critical facts (such as names, time sequences, and where events occurred). Try to understand how events have influenced decisions. Identify the important individuals or stakeholders, and try to assess the importance of supporting information in the case. How reliable is this supporting information? Are there any gaps in the information that is given?

Make a note of any questions that you have as you read the case.

2 Assess the context of the case

Try to understand the environment of the organisation and the wider context of the case. Ask yourself questions about:

• The state of the organisation: What is the state of this organisation: good, bad or in- between? Usually this involves thinking about interpersonal relationships, and assessing production or financial problems.
• Key players and systems: How do systems and people operate in this organisation? Why do they operate like this? Are the systems undergoing change? How successful are the changes? Is there someone who could sabotage any future strategy? Is there someone who can ensure the success of a future strategy?
• Significant trends: How does this industry operate? What are the main or unique characteristics of the industry? What were they five or ten years ago, and what are they likely to be in the future? What impact are trends likely to have on the organisation under investigation? How does this organisation's performance compare with that of competitors?
• Constraints: Clearly identify all constraints in the case. A constraint may be viewed as anything (usually beyond the control of the organisation) that may prevent an otherwise feasible course of action from becoming a success. What is outside the control of individuals in the case study? For example, it is unlikely that any company or individual in Hong Kong could prevent a foreign government from imposing tariff barriers on imports.

A SWOT analysis is a good way to get a better understanding of the organisation and the context or environment in which it is operating. A SWOT analysis considers the Strengths and Weaknesses of the organisation, and the Opportunities and Threats which the organisation faces in the external environment.

3 Recognize the case's symptoms

Read the case again and as you read, try listing all the symptoms of the case. The symptoms of a case are not the problems, but they may help you to identify the problems. Symptoms are all the things that are undesirable or that are not as expected. For example, falling sales could be a symptom of several problems such as poor market segmentation, poor product quality, or problems in a supply chain. At this stage of your analysis, you should just try to observe all the symptoms, and avoid prematurely identifying problems or suggesting solutions. Like a doctor who consults a patient, you first need to observe and note all the symptoms before you can give a definite diagnosis of the problem. Think about how the symptoms may be interrelated. Relationship diagrams, like the one below, may help you to see the relationships between symptoms.

4 Diagnose the case's problems

After you have a good sense of the symptoms, you're ready to determine key issues that need to be analysed more closely. You are now diagnosing the situation, like a doctor diagnosing a patient's symptoms. Ask yourself 'what seems to be the trouble in this organisation?' and make a list of what you now perceive to be the key problem(s). You will probably need to go back to the details of the case and as you do this, you may add to or refine your list of potential problems.

If there are several problems, you need to order and prioritise them. You might want to number problems according to how you perceive their importance, or make a matrix, like the one below, which shows relationships between various criteria and each problem.

Also try to establish if there are relationships or themes in common among the various problems. Perhaps different problems in your list are actually variations of a broader central problem.

Ask yourself what assumptions you have made about the case. Are these assumptions reasonable, and are they supported by the facts? Would other people objectively suggest the same problems, based on the facts that you have? Are you suggesting problems that are not supported by the facts of the case?

After you have considered and put into order the possible problems and questioned your assumptions relating to these problems, you should write a statement of the problems as you perceive them. Avoid suggesting solutions at this stage.

Once you have a problem statement, you need to find evidence in the case to support your problem diagnosis. Also, try to identify ideas, concepts and theories from your textbook and course units which help to explain what is happening in the case.

5 Formulate criteria for a 'good' solution and identify possible constraints to solutions

Before you propose a solution, you need to consider the characteristics of a 'good' solution. Obviously, your solution should bring benefits such as improved productivity, reduced costs or greater profits. However, it also needs to be viable and to accommodate the constraints that you have already identified, i.e. Is the solution legal? Is there a budget for this solution? Does it conflict with the organisation's culture?

Try to brainstorm alternative solutions. Aim to generate a broad and creative range of options and then try to rate each according to various criteria.

The following matrix demonstrates how this can be done.

Also refer to ideas, concepts and theories from your course materials as you consider and assess each possible solution.

It's often wise to propose a solution that allows for plausible alternatives if it should fail. Managers use the term satisfice when they are considering acceptable alternative solutions, that is, the solution is able to satisfy the situation while also making some realistic sacrifices to existing constraints. Therefore, it is a satisficing rather than a maximising solution.

Finally, don't forget to consider the possibility of taking no action. What will actually happen if no action is taken? Are any (or all) of the solutions less viable than taking no action at all?

6 Recommend a viable solution

After you have assessed the merits and pitfalls of each alternative solution, select the best solution for the situation.

Remember that the solution needs to be viable. Can the recommended solution be introduced? Are there the resources and the willingness to implement it? Be realistic about what may work. Explain why it is the best solution within the constraints of the existing context and explain how it can be applied to the organisation. Suggest a time-frame for the solution's implementation.

Outline possible strategies for implementing your solution, either partially or completely. As many feasible courses of action as possible should be considered before you choose the one that seems the most likely to succeed. The more ideas you have, the greater your chance will be of finding a solution that will work well. The complexity of most organisational problems means that it is highly unlikely that one idea alone will correct the situation. Usually a combination of actions is required, and these need to be funded differently, timed carefully and staffed as necessary.

7 Present your solution as a written recommendation

Review your final solutions and then prepare a set of written recommendations. These should clearly outline your proposed solution in relation to the problems that you have identified. Your recommendations should also include details of why these solutions are the most appropriate given the circumstances and constraints of the case. Finally, you need to clearly state how and when your proposals will be implemented.

Your tutor and your course Assignment File can provide some guidelines on how to present your recommendations.

Some mistakes to avoid as you analyse cases

When you first tackle case studies, you should be careful to guard against the following mistakes:

1. One of the most common mistakes made in case analysis is repeating or simply summarising the facts of the case. Your tutor is already very familiar with the case details, so you do not have to restate them. You are required to use and analyse the facts, not repeat them. Your analysis should contain only enough case material to support your arguments. Therefore, be analytical!
2. You may often be tempted to just deal with symptoms and ignore the causes of the problem. It is very important to analyse the background of the case (and the climate in which the events of the case unfold).
3. Avoid discussing problems in isolation and do not overlook their interrelatedness. If you try to think in terms of 'systems' rather than in terms of individual problems, you are more likely to avoid this pitfall.
4. Students often fail to state the assumptions underlying their analysis. If any important assumptions have been made, have you questioned them and are they reasonable and appropriate? Avoid selectively using and interpreting case material in order to justify a preconceived solution.
5. Practical limitations and constraints may sometimes be overlooked. For example, a recommendation that a whole team be fired is probably unrealistic.
6. A very common mistake is poor integration of the facts in the case with the concepts, principles, and theories in the textbook. Such integration is vital. Ask yourself if relevant theories from your course have been fully and constructively applied.
7. Finally, recommendations are too often not spelled out in detail or are unrealistic. A timetable for implementing them is also often not given.

Analysing cases poses many challenges, and this is one reason the case study method is so rewarding. It is a very active form of learning. It offers you a risk-free opportunity to gain managerial and organisational experience and should greatly increase your confidence to make informed decisions in the real world.

Good luck and we hope you enjoy working through the cases that you encounter!

MGT 4002BED Strategic Management is an important course that introduces you to the fundamental knowledge and understanding of strategic management theories and models and how these can be applied in different contexts and influence decision making. You will develop a skill set founded on strategic management theory that will allow you to become an active actor in the strategy process.

MGT 4002BED covers the following topics: introduction to strategic management; external and internal analysis; business strategy: cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies; corporate strategy: vertical integration, diversification, internationalisation; and strategy in action: organisational culture and its implications for strategy.

The course is presented through a blend of written and multimedia materials which can all be accessed on the OLE. As you work through MGT 4002BED, you will need to refer to the study units, and you are provided with support through regular learning sessions including live online lectures, live online surgeries and compulsory in-person day schools.

The course is assessed through two assignments, application-based assessments in the form of in-class activities during the compulsory day schools, eight lecture polls, one presentation and a final examination.

We hope you find MGT 4002BED stimulating and valuable for your professional development.

If you wish to defer your studies of this course until a later date, you should apply for deferment of studies. For the regulations governing deferment of studies, please refer to your Student Handbook. If you have applied for deferment of studies you should continue with your studies of this course and submit the required assignments until formal approval is given by the University.

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